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Stephen Joshua Sondheim (; March22, 1930November26, 2021) was an American composer and lyricist. Regarded as one of the most important figures in 20th-century , he is credited with reinventing the American musical. He received numerous accolades, including eight , an , eight , five , and the . He was inducted into the American Theater Hall of Fame in 1982 and awarded the Kennedy Center Honor in 1993 and the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2015.

Sondheim was mentored at an early age by Oscar Hammerstein II and later frequently collaborated with and . His musicals tackle themes that range beyond the genre's traditional subjects, while addressing darker elements of the human experience. His music and lyrics are characterized by their complexity, sophistication, and ambivalence.

Sondheim began his career by writing the lyrics for both West Side Story (1957) and Gypsy (1959). He transitioned to writing both music and lyrics, including for five works that earned Tony Awards for Best Musical: A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum (1962), Company (1970), A Little Night Music (1973), (1979), and Passion (1994). He is also known for (1971), Pacific Overtures (1976), Merrily We Roll Along (1981), Sunday in the Park with George (1984), Into the Woods (1987), and Assassins (1990).

Theaters are named after him both on Broadway and . He won the Academy Award for Best Original Song for "Sooner or Later" from Dick Tracy (1990). Many of his works have been adapted for film, including West Side Story (1961), Gypsy (1962), A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum (1966), A Little Night Music (1977), (2007), Into the Woods (2014), and West Side Story (2021). He published three books, including two involving his collected lyrics.

Early life and education
Sondheim was born on March 22, 1930, into a family in New York City, the son of Etta Janet ("Foxy"; née Fox; 1897–1992) and Herbert Sondheim (1895–1966). His paternal grandparents, Isaac and Rosa, were , and his maternal grandparents, Joseph and Bessie, were from . His father manufactured dresses designed by his mother. Sondheim grew up on the Upper West Side of , where he began taking piano lessons at age 7. After his parents divorced, he lived on a farm near Doylestown, Pennsylvania. The only child of affluent parents living in the San Remo at 145 Central Park West, he was described in 's biography Stephen Sondheim: A Life as an isolated, emotionally neglected child. When he lived in New York City, Sondheim attended the Ethical Culture Fieldston School. He spent several summers at Camp Androscoggin, where was a counselor.

His mother sent him to New York Military Academy in 1940. From 1942 to 1947, he attended , a private preparatory school in Bucks County, Pennsylvania, where he wrote his first musical, By George, in 1946. After graduating from high school, Sondheim attended , where he initially majored in mathematics but switched to music after taking a music elective during his first year. During his time at Williams, he participated in Cap & Bells, the college's student-run theater group, and wrote his first two full musicals. Sondheim graduated magna cum laude in 1950, was inducted into Phi Beta Kappa, and received the Hubbard Hutchinson Prize, which included a two-year fellowship to study music.

Sondheim traced his interest in musical theater to Very Warm for May, a Broadway musical he saw when he was nine. "The curtain went up and revealed a piano", Sondheim recalled. "A butler took a duster and brushed it up, tinkling the keys. I thought that was thrilling."

Sondheim detested his mother, who was said to be psychologically abusive

(1972). 9780300119961, Yale University Press.
and to have projected her anger from her failed marriage onto her son: "When my father left her, she substituted me for him. And she used me the way she used him, to come on to and to berate, beat up on, you see. What she did for five years was treat me like dirt, but come on to me at the same time." She once wrote him a letter saying that the only regret she ever had was giving birth to him. When she died in 1992, Sondheim did not attend her funeral. He had been estranged from her for nearly 20 years.

Mentorship by Oscar Hammerstein II
When Sondheim was about ten years old (around the time of his parents' divorce), he formed a close friendship with James Hammerstein, son of lyricist and playwright Oscar Hammerstein II, who were neighbors in Bucks County. The elder Hammerstein became Sondheim's surrogate father, influencing him profoundly and developing his love of musical theater. Sondheim met , who later directed many of his shows, at the opening of South Pacific, Hammerstein's musical with . The comic musical Sondheim wrote at George School, By George, was a success among his peers and buoyed his self-esteem. When he asked Hammerstein to evaluate it as though he had no knowledge of its author, he said it was the worst thing he had ever seen: "But if you want to know why it's terrible, I'll tell you." They spent the rest of the day going over the musical, and Sondheim later said, "In that afternoon I learned more about songwriting and the musical theater than most people learn in a lifetime."

Hammerstein designed a course of sorts for Sondheim on constructing a musical. He had the young composer write four musicals, each with one of the following conditions:

  • Based on a play he admired; Sondheim chose George S. Kaufman and 's Beggar on Horseback (which became All That Glitters)
  • Based on a play he liked but thought flawed; Sondheim chose 's High Tor
  • Based on an existing novel or short story not previously dramatized, which became his unfinished version of Mary Poppins ( Bad Tuesday, unrelated to the musical film and stage play scored by the )
  • An original, which became Climb High

None of the "assignment" musicals were produced professionally. High Tor and Mary Poppins have never been produced: the rights holder for the original High Tor refused permission (though a musical version by Arthur Schwartz was produced for television in 1956), and Mary Poppins was unfinished.

Hammerstein's death

Hammerstein died of on August 23, 1960, aged 65. Sondheim later recalled that Hammerstein had given him a portrait of himself. Sondheim asked him to inscribe it, and said later of the request that it was "weird... it's like asking your father to inscribe something." Reading the inscription ("For Stevie, My Friend and Teacher") choked up the composer, who said, "That describes Oscar better than anything I could say."

Education and early career
Sondheim began attending , a liberal arts college in Williamstown, Massachusetts, whose theater program attracted him. His first teacher there was Robert Barrow:
everybody hated him because he was very dry, and I thought he was wonderful because he was very dry. And Barrow made me realize that all my romantic views of art were nonsense. I had always thought an angel came down and sat on your shoulder and whispered in your ear "dah-dah-dah-DUM." It never occurred to me that art was something worked out. And suddenly it was skies opening up. As soon as you find out what a is, you think, Oh my God. What a is—Oh my God! The logic of it. And, of course, what that meant to me was: Well, I can do that. Because you just don't know. You think it's a talent, you think you're born with this thing. What I've found out and what I believed is that everybody is talented. It's just that some people get it developed and some don't.

The composer told : "I just wanted to study composition, theory, and harmony without the attendant that comes in graduate school. But I knew I wanted to write for the theater, so I wanted someone who did not disdain theater music." Barrow suggested that Sondheim study with , whom Sondheim called "a frustrated show composer" with whom he formed "a perfect combination". When they met, Babbitt was working on a musical for based on the myth of Helen of Troy. The two met once a week in New York City for four hours. (At the time, Babbitt was teaching at Princeton University.) According to Sondheim, they spent the first hour dissecting Rodgers and Hart or or studying Babbitt's favorites (, , and ). They then proceeded to other forms of music (such as 's ), critiquing them the same way. Fascinated by mathematics, Babbitt and Sondheim studied songs by a variety of composers (especially ). Sondheim told Secrest that Kern had the ability "to develop a single motif through tiny variations into a long and never boring line and his maximum development of the minimum of material". He said of Babbitt, "I am his maverick, his one student who went into the popular arts with all his serious artillery". At Williams, Sondheim wrote a musical adaption of Beggar on Horseback (a 1924 play by George S. Kaufman and , with Kaufman's permission) that had three performances. A member of the Beta Theta Pi fraternity,

(2026). 9780195096019, Oxford University Press. .
he graduated in 1950.Citron 2001, p. 47

"A few painful years of struggle" followed, when Sondheim auditioned songs, lived in his father's dining room to save money, and spent time in Hollywood writing for the television series Topper. He devoured 1940s and 1950s films, and called cinema his "basic language"; his film knowledge got him through The $64,000 Question contestant tryouts. Sondheim disliked movie musicals, favoring classic dramas such as , The Grapes of Wrath, and A Matter of Life and Death: "Studio directors like and ... were heroes of mine. They went from movie to movie to movie, and every third movie was good and every fifth movie was great. There wasn't any cultural pressure to make art".

At age 22, Sondheim had finished the four shows Hammerstein requested. Screenwriters Julius and Philip Epstein's Front Porch in Flatbush, unproduced at the time, was being shopped around by designer and producer . Ayers approached and another composer; both turned him down. Ayers and Sondheim met as ushers at a wedding, and Ayers commissioned Sondheim for three songs for the show; Julius Epstein flew in from California and hired Sondheim, who worked with him in California for four or five months. After eight auditions for backers, half the money needed was raised. The show, retitled Saturday Night, was intended to open during the 1954–55 Broadway season, but Ayers died of in his early forties. The production rights transferred to his widow, Shirley, and due to her inexperience the show did not continue as planned; it opened in 2000. Sondheim later said, "I don't have any emotional reaction to Saturday Night at all—except fondness. It's not bad stuff for a 23-year-old. There are some things that embarrass me so much in the lyrics—the missed accents, the obvious jokes. But I decided, leave it. It's my baby pictures. You don't touch up a baby picture—you're a baby!"

Career
1954–1959: Early Broadway success
West Side Story
invited Sondheim to a party where Sondheim arrived before him but knew no one else well. He saw a familiar face, , who had seen one of the auditions of Saturday Night, and they began talking. Laurents told him he was working on a musical version of Romeo and Juliet with Leonard Bernstein, but they needed a lyricist; and , who were supposed to write the lyrics, were under contract in Hollywood. He said that although he was not a big fan of Sondheim's music, he enjoyed the lyrics from Saturday Night and he could audition for Bernstein. The next day, Sondheim met and played for Bernstein, who said he would let him know. Sondheim wanted to write music and lyrics; he consulted with Hammerstein, who said, as Sondheim related in a 2008 New York Times video interview, "Look, you have a chance to work with very gifted professionals on a show that sounds interesting, and you could always write your own music eventually. My advice would be to take the job." West Side Story, directed by , opened in 1957 and ran for 732 performances. Sondheim expressed dissatisfaction with his lyrics, saying they did not always fit the characters and were sometimes too consciously poetic. Initially Bernstein was also credited as a co-writer of the lyrics, but he later offered Sondheim solo credit, as Sondheim had essentially done all of them. The New York Times review of the show did not mention the lyrics. Sondheim described the division of the royalties, saying that Bernstein received 3% and he received 1%. Bernstein suggested evening the percentage at 2% each, but Sondheim refused because he was satisfied with just getting the credit. Sondheim later said he wished "someone stuffed a handkerchief in my mouth because it would have been nice to get that extra percentage".

After West Side Story opened, Shevelove lamented the lack of "lowbrow comedy" on Broadway and mentioned a possible musical based on 's Roman comedies. Sondheim was interested in the idea and called a friend, , to co-write the script. The show went through a number of drafts, and was interrupted briefly by Sondheim's next project.Dembin, Russell M. "Forum at 50? It's possible! Sondheim 101: A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum sondheimreview.com, 2012

Gypsy
In 1959, Laurents and Robbins approached Sondheim for a musical version of Gypsy Rose Lee's memoir after and turned it down. Sondheim agreed, but – cast as Mama Rose – had just finished Happy Hunting with an unknown composer (Harold Karr) and lyricist (Matt Dubey). Although Sondheim wanted to write the music and lyrics, Merman refused to let another first-time composer write for her and demanded that write the music. Sondheim, concerned that writing lyrics again would pigeonhole him as a lyricist, called his mentor for advice. Hammerstein told him he should take the job, because writing a vehicle for a star would be a good learning experience. Sondheim agreed; Gypsy opened on May 21, 1959, and ran for 702 performances.

1962–1966: Music and lyrics
A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum
The first Broadway production for which Sondheim wrote the music and lyrics was A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum, which opened in 1962 and ran for 964 performances. The , based on by , was by and . The show won six (including Best Musical) and had the longest Broadway run of any show for which Sondheim wrote both music and lyrics.

Anyone Can Whistle
Sondheim had participated in three straight hits, but his next show—1964's Anyone Can Whistle—was a nine-performance bomb (although it introduced to musical theater).

Do I Hear a Waltz?
Do I Hear a Waltz?, based on Laurents's 1952 play The Time of the Cuckoo, was intended as another Rodgers and Hammerstein musical with in the lead. A new lyricist was needed,Laurents, Arthur (2000) Original Story By, New York: Alfred A. Knopf , p. 212 and Laurents and , Rodgers's daughter, asked Sondheim to fill in. Although Richard Rodgers and Sondheim agreed that the original play did not lend itself to musicalization, they began writing a musical version. The project had many difficulties, including Rodgers's alcoholism. Sondheim later called it the one project he truly regretted writing, given that the reasons he wrote it—as a favor to Mary, as a favor to Hammerstein, as an opportunity to work again with Laurents, and as an opportunity to make money—were not reasons to write a musical. He then decided to work only when he could write both music and lyrics.

Sondheim asked author and playwright to join him as for a new musical inspired by a gathering of former showgirls: initially titled The Girls Upstairs, it became .Chapin, Ted (2003) Everything Was Possible: The Birth of the Musical Follies, New York: Alfred A. Knopf.

Evening Primrose and other work
In 1966, Sondheim semi-anonymously provided lyrics for "The Boy From...", a parody of "The Girl from Ipanema" in the off-Broadway revue The Mad Show. The song was credited to "Esteban Río Nido",The Mad Show: A Musical Revue Based on Mad Magazine, Samuel French Inc Spanish for "Stephen River Nest", and in the show's playbill the lyrics were credited to "". That year Goldman and Sondheim hit a creative wall on The Girls Upstairs, and Goldman asked Sondheim about writing a TV musical. The result was Evening Primrose, with and . Written for the ABC Stage 67 and produced by , it was broadcast on November 16, 1966. According to Sondheim and director , the musical was written only because Goldman needed money for rent. The network disliked the title and Sondheim's alternative, A Little Night Music.

After Sondheim finished Evening Primrose, Jerome Robbins asked him to adapt 's The Measures Taken despite the composer's general dislike of Brecht's work. Robbins wanted to adapt another Brecht play, The Exception and the Rule, and asked to adapt the book. Leonard Bernstein had not written for the stage in some time, and his contract as conductor of the New York Philharmonic was ending. Sondheim was invited to Robbins's house in the hope that Guare would convince him to write the lyrics for a musical version of The Exception and the Rule; according to Robbins, Bernstein would not work without Sondheim. When Sondheim agreed, Guare asked: "Why haven't you all worked together since West Side Story?" Sondheim answered, "You'll see". Guare said that working with Sondheim was like being with an old college roommate, and he depended on him to "decode and decipher their crazy way of working"; Bernstein worked only after midnight, and Robbins only in the early morning. Bernstein's score, which was supposed to be light, was influenced by his need to make a musical statement.

(2026). 9780307946843, Vintage Books.
, who worked with Sondheim on The Girls Upstairs, agreed to produce the musical, initially titled A Pray by Blecht, then The Race to Urga. An opening night was scheduled, but during auditions Robbins asked to be excused for a moment. When he did not return, a doorman said he had gotten into a limousine to go to John F. Kennedy International Airport. Bernstein burst into tears and said, "It's over". Sondheim later said of this experience: "I was ashamed of the whole project. It was arch and didactic in the worst way."Abernathy, June. "Sondheim's Lost Musical" sondheim.com. Retrieved February 5, 2012. He wrote one and a half songs and threw them away, the only time he ever did that. Eighteen years later, Sondheim refused Bernstein's and Robbins's request to retry the show.

Sondheim lived in a Turtle Bay, Manhattan from his writing of Gypsy in 1959. Ten years later, he heard a knock on the door. His neighbor, Katharine Hepburn, was in "bare feet—this angry, red-faced lady" and told him, "You have been keeping me awake all night!" (she was practicing for her musical debut in Coco). "I remember asking Hepburn why she didn't just call me, but she claimed not to have my phone number. My guess is that she wanted to stand there in her bare feet, suffering for her art".Wolf, Matt. "Stephen Sondheim: An audience with a theatre legend" The Independent, April 2013

1970–1981: Collaborations with Hal Prince
Company
After Do I Hear a Waltz?, Sondheim devoted himself solely to writing both music and lyrics for the theater—and in 1970, he began a collaboration with director resulting in a body of work that is considered one of the high water marks of musical theater history, with critic writing that the duo had set "Broadway's highest standards".
(1989). 9780879102968, Limelight Editions.

The first Sondheim show with Prince as director was 1970's Company. A show about a single man and his married friends, Company (with a book by ) lacked a straightforward plot, instead centering on themes such as marriage and the difficulty of making an emotional connection with another person. It opened on April 26, 1970, at the , running for 705 performances after seven previews, and won for Best Musical, Best Music, and Best Lyrics. The original cast included Dean Jones, , and Charles Kimbrough. Popular songs include "Company", "The Little Things You Do Together", "Sorry-Grateful", "You Could Drive a Person Crazy", "Another Hundred People", "Getting Married Today", "Side by Side", "The Ladies Who Lunch", and "". of The New York Times praised the production, the performances, and the score, writing, "Sondheim has never written a more sophisticated, more pertinent, or—this is the surprising thing in the circumstances—more melodious score".

Documentary filmmaker D. A. Pennebaker captured the making of the original cast recording shortly after the show opened on Broadway in his 1970 film . Stritch, Sondheim, and producer Thomas Z. Shepard are featured prominently. Company was revived on Broadway in 1995, 2006, and 2020/2021 (the last revival began previews in March 2020, but shut down before resuming in November 2021 due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic; in this revival, the main character was a woman, Bobbie, portrayed by ). The 2006 and 2021 productions won the Tony Award for Best Revival of a Musical.

Follies
(1971), with a book by , opened on April 4, 1971, at the Winter Garden Theatre and ran for 522 performances after 12 previews. The plot centers on a reunion, in a crumbling Broadway theater scheduled for demolition, of performers in Weismann's Follies (a musical revue, based on the , that played in that theater between the world wars). The production also featured choreography and co-direction by Michael Bennett , who later created A Chorus Line.

The original production starred , , , and . It included the songs "I'm Still Here", "Could I Leave You?", and "Losing My Mind". The production earned 11 nominations, including Best Musical. It won 7 Tony Awards, including Best Original Score. The show was revived on Broadway in 2001 and 2011.

A Little Night Music
A Little Night Music (1973), based on 's Smiles of a Summer Night and with a score primarily in , was among Sondheim's greatest commercial successes. Time magazine called it his "most brilliant accomplishment to date". The original cast included , , , and . The show opened on Broadway at the Shubert Theatre on February 25, 1973, and ran for 601 performances and 12 previews. Clive Barnes of The New York Times wrote, " A Little Night Music is soft on the ears, easy on the eyes, and pleasant on the mind. It is less than brash, but more than brassy, and it should give a lot of pleasure. It is the remembrance of a few things past, and all to the sound of a waltz and the understanding smile of a memory. Good God!—an adult musical!"

The production earned 12 nominations and won 6 awards, including Best Musical and Best Original Score. "Send in the Clowns", a song from the musical, was a hit for and became Sondheim's best-known song. It has since been covered by , , and . The production was adapted to screen in the 1977 film of the same name starring , , , and . It was revived on Broadway in 2009 in a production starring Catherine Zeta-Jones and .

Pacific Overtures
Pacific Overtures (1976), with a book by , was one of Sondheim's most unconventional efforts: it explored the westernization of Japan, and was originally presented in a mock- style. The show closed after a run of 193 performances, and was revived on Broadway in 2004.

Sweeney Todd
(1979), with a score by Sondheim and a book by , is based on 's 1973 stage play derived from the original.Berkvist, Robert. "Stephen Sondheim Takes a Stab at Grand Guignol" . The New York Times, February 25, 1979Wheeler, Hugh; Sondheim, Stephen. " Sweeney Todd script, Introduction by Christopher Bond". Hal Leonard Corporation, 1991, , p. 1Brown, Larry. "'Sweeney Todd' Notes" . Larryavisbrown.homestead.com. Retrieved March 22, 2010. The original production starred , , , and . Popular songs from the musical include "The Ballad of Sweeney Todd", "The Worst Pies in London", "Pretty Women", "A Little Priest", "Not While I'm Around", "By the Sea", and "Johanna". The production earned 9 nominations and won 8 awards, including Best Musical, Best Original Score, Best Actress, and Best Actor. Richard Eder of The New York Times wrote: "Mr. Sondheim's lyrics can be endlessly inventive. There is a hugely amusing recitation of the attributes given by the different professions—priest, lawyer, and so on—to the pies they contribute to. At other times the lyrics have a black, piercing poetry to them."

Lansbury's performance was captured alongside in the Los Angeles production, which was filmed and shown on as part of Masterpiece Theatre. It later earned five Primetime Emmy Award nominations. It has been revived on Broadway in 1989, 2005, and 2023. The 2023 production starred , Annaleigh Ashford, , and . A was made in 2007 directed by and starring , Helena Bonham Carter, and .

Merrily We Roll Along
Merrily We Roll Along (1981), with a book by , is one of Sondheim's most traditional scores; songs from the musical were recorded by and . According to Sondheim's music director , "Part of Steve's ability is this extraordinary versatility". The show was not the success their previous collaborations had been: after a chaotic series of preview performances, it opened to widely negative reviews, and closed after a run of less than two weeks. Due to the high quality of Sondheim's score, the show has been repeatedly revised and produced in the ensuing years. wrote, "Sondheim had set out to write traditional songs ... But despite that there is nothing ordinary about the music." Sondheim later said: "Did I feel betrayed? I'm not sure I would put it like that. What did surprise me was the feeling around the Broadway community—if you can call it that, though I guess I will for lack of a better word—that they wanted Hal and me to fail." Sondheim and Furth continued to revise the show in subsequent years. An acclaimed feature documentary on the show and its aftermath, Best Worst Thing That Ever Could Have Happened, directed by Merrily cast member Lonny Price, and produced by Bruce David Klein, Kitt Lavoie, and Ted Schillinger, premiered at the New York Film Festival on November 18, 2016. A film adaptation of Merrily We Roll Along, directed by Richard Linklater, began production in 2019 and is planned to continue for the next two decades to allow the actors to age in real time. An off-Broadway revival starring , , and ran from November 2022 to January 2023 at the New York Theatre Workshop; it moved to Broadway in fall 2023. Merrily won 2024 Tony Awards for Best Revival of a Musical, Best Performance by an Actor in a Leading Role in a Musical (Jonathan Groff), Best Performance by an Actor in a Featured Role in a Musical (Daniel Radcliffe), and Best Orchestrations (). "Winners 2024", Tony Awards

Merrilys failure greatly affected Sondheim; he was ready to quit theater and do movies, create video games or write mysteries: "I wanted to find something to satisfy myself that does not involve Broadway and dealing with all those people who hate me and hate Hal." After Merrily, Sondheim and Prince did not collaborate again until their 2003 production of Bounce.

1984–1994: Collaborations with James Lapine
Sunday in the Park with George
Sondheim decided "that there are better places to start a show" and found a new collaborator in after he saw Lapine's off-Broadway in 1981: "I was discouraged, and I don't know what would have happened if I hadn't discovered Twelve Dreams at the "; Lapine has a taste "for the and for visually oriented theater in particular". Their first collaboration was Sunday in the Park with George (1984), with Sondheim's music evoking 's . Sondheim and Lapine won the 1985 Pulitzer Prize for Drama for the play, and it was revived on Broadway in 2008, and again in a limited run in 2017.

Into the Woods
They collaborated on Into the Woods (1987), a musical based on several . Although Sondheim has been called the first composer to bring to Broadway (with the Witch in the opening number of Into the Woods), he attributed the first rap in theater to 's "Rock Island" from The Music Man (1957). Into the Woods was revived on Broadway in 2002 and at the St. James Theatre in 2022.

Passion
Sondheim's and Lapine's last collaboration on a musical was the rhapsodic Passion (1994), adapted from 's Italian film Passione D'Amore. With a run of 280 performances, Passion was the shortest-running show to win a Tony Award for Best Musical.

1990–2021: Later work
Assassins
Assassins opened off-Broadway at Playwrights Horizons on December 18, 1990, with a book by . The show explored, in , a group of historical figures who tried (with varying success) to assassinate the President of the United States. The musical closed on February 16, 1991, after 73 performances. The Los Angeles Times reported the show "has been sold out since previews began, reflecting the strong appeal of Sondheim's work among the theater crowd."Fox, David. "Critics Say 'Assassins' Will Have to Bite the Bullet : Stage: Some reviewers find Stephen Sondheim's Off Broadway musical fails to hit the target." Los Angeles Times, January 29, 1991 In his review for The New York Times, wrote, " Assassins will have to fire with sharper aim and fewer blanks if it is to shoot to kill."Evans, Greg. "Crix Hang 'Assassins;' B'way Out of Range?" Variety (February 4, 1991): 95. Rpt. in Contemporary Literary Criticism. Ed. Jeffrey W. Hunter. Vol. 147. Detroit: Gale Group, 2002Rich, Frank. "Review/Theater; Sondheim and Those Who Would Kill", The New York Times, January 28, 1991. Assassins was eventually staged on Broadway in 2004. In Look, I Made a Hat: Collected Lyrics (1981–2011), Sondheim wrote, " Assassins has only one moment I'd like to improve. . . . Otherwise, as far as I'm concerned, the show is perfect. Immodest that may sound, but I'm ready to argue it with anybody."

Saturday Night was shelved until its 1997 production at London's Bridewell Theatre. The next year, its score was recorded; a revised version, with two new songs, ran off-Broadway at Second Stage Theatre in 2000 and at London's Jermyn Street Theatre in 2009.

Road Show
Sondheim and Weidman reunited during the late 1990s for Wise Guys, a musical comedy based on the lives of colorful businessmen and . A Broadway production starring and , directed by , and planned for spring 2000, was delayed. Renamed Bounce in 2003, the show premiered at the in Chicago and the in Washington, D.C., in a production directed by Harold Prince, his first collaboration with Sondheim since 1981. Poor reviews prevented Bounce from reaching Broadway, but a revised version opened off-Broadway as Road Show at the Public Theater on October 28, 2008. Directed by John Doyle, it closed December 28, 2008. The production won the 2009 for Music and Lyrics and the Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Lyrics.

Sondheim on Sondheim and Six by Sondheim
Asked about writing new work, Sondheim replied in 2006: "No ... It's age. It's a diminution of energy and the worry that there are no new ideas. It's also an increasing lack of confidence. I'm not the only one. I've checked with other people. People expect more of you and you're aware of it and you shouldn't be." In December 2007, he said that in addition to continuing work on Bounce, he was "nibbling at a couple of things with John Weidman and James Lapine".

Lapine prepared the multimedia production iSondheim: aMusical Revue, which was scheduled to open in April 2009 at the in ; it was canceled due to "difficulties encountered by the commercial producers attached to the project ... in raising the necessary funds".Hetrick, Adam. "Lapine to Create iSondheim: aMusical Revue for Alliance Theatre" Playbill, September 12, 2008. Hetrick, Adam. "Liz Callaway Cast in World Premiere of iSondheim: aMusical Revue" Playbill, February 4, 2009. Gans, Andrew and Hetrick, Adam. "Atlanta's Alliance Theatre Cancels Sondheim Revue; Brel Will Play Instead" Playbill, February 26, 2009. Later revised as Sondheim on Sondheim, the revue was produced at Studio 54 by the Roundabout Theatre Company; previews began on March 19, 2010, and ran from April 22 to June 13. The revue's cast included , Vanessa L. Williams, , , and .Jones, Kenneth. "Sondheim on Sondheim, a New Musical Reflection of a Life in Art, Begins on Broadway" Playbill, March 19, 2010.

In 2013, Lapine directed the HBO feature-length documentary Six by Sondheim, which he executive produced with former New York Times theater critic , a longtime champion of Sondheim's work. Sondheim himself acts and sings in the documentary as Joe, the cynical theater producer in the song "Opening Doors".

Sondheim collaborated with on A Bed and a Chair: A New York Love Affair, an Encores! concert on November 13–17, 2013, at New York City Center. Directed by John Doyle with choreography by Parker Esse, it consisted of "more than two dozen Sondheim compositions, each piece newly reimagined by Marsalis". The concert featured Bernadette Peters, Jeremy Jordan, , Cyrille Aimée, four dancers, and the Jazz at Lincoln Center Orchestra conducted by .Champion, Lindsay. "Meet the Jazzy Cast of Sondheim & Marsalis' 'A Bed and a Chair', Starring Bernadette Peters & Jeremy Jordan" broadway.com, November 7, 2013 In Playbill, Steven Suskin called the concert "neither a new musical, a revival, nor a standard songbook revue; it is, rather, a staged-and-sung chamber jazz rendition of a string of songs ... Half of the songs come from Company and Follies; most of the other Sondheim musicals are represented, including the lesser-known Passion and Road Show".Suskin, Steven. "Stephen Sondheim and Wynton Marsalis Offer a Comfortable Bed and a Chair at City Center" playbill.com, November 14, 2013

For the 2014 film adaptation of Into the Woods, Sondheim wrote the new song "She'll Be Back", sung by The Witch, which was cut from the film.

Here We Are
Sondheim began collaborating with in 2014 on a musical based on the Luis Buñuel films The Exterminating Angel and The Discreet Charm of the Bourgeoisie, initially slated for previews at the in 2017. That date was cast into doubt after an August 2016 reading for the musical had only the first act finished.Riedel, Michael "Stephen Sondheim is halfway done with his new musical" New York Post, August 26, 2016 A November 2016 workshop included , , Heidi Blickenstaff, , , , , and .Viagas, Robert. "Matthew Morrison Says Sondheim's New Buñuel Musical Is "Challenging" " Playbill, January 4, 2017 After media outlets mistakenly reported that the show had the working title Buñuel, Sondheim said that it still lacked a title in 2017.Wong, Wayman. "BWW Exclusive: Sondheim Knocks Riedel's Reporting; Says His New Musical Was Never Called Bunuel". BroadwayWorld.com, April 26, 2017 The Public Theatre denied reports that the show would be part of its 2019–20 season, but hoped to produce the musical "when it is ready". Development reportedly ceased for a time, but resumed for a September 2021 reading of the show, then called Square One.Sondheim shared news of the reading during a September 15, 2021, appearance on The Late Show with Stephen Colbert. and Bernadette Peters were involved in a reading of this new work, and Sondheim discussed adapting the Buñuel films in the final interview before his death. A posthumous production of the collaboration, directed by , premiered at The Shed in September 2023 as Here We Are.

Other projects
Conversations with Frank Rich and others
The staged a 15-week repertory festival of six Sondheim musicals— Sweeney Todd, Company, Sunday in the Park with George, Merrily We Roll Along, Passion, and A Little Night Music—from May to August 2002.Jones, Kenneth. 'It's a Hit! Kennedy Center's Sondheim Celebration Is Already Half-Sold" , playbill.com, February 13, 2002. "Sondheim Cast" , kennedy-center.org. Retrieved May 17, 2015. The Kennedy Center Sondheim Celebration also included Pacific Overtures, a junior version of Into the Woods, and of The New York Times speaking with the composer for Sondheim on Sondheim on April 28, 2002. The two men took their discussion, dubbed "A Little Night Conversation with Stephen Sondheim", on a West Coast tour of different U.S. cities including Santa Barbara, San Francisco, Los Angeles, and Portland, Oregon in March 2008, then to in September. The Cleveland Jewish News reported on their Oberlin appearance: "Sondheim said: 'Movies are photographs; the stage is larger than life.' What musicals does Sondheim admire the most? Porgy and Bess tops a list which includes Carousel, She Loves Me, and , which he saw six times. Sondheim took a dim view of today's musicals. What works now, he said, are musicals that are easy to take; audiences don't want to be challenged".Heller, Fran. "Sondheim scores a hit at Oberlin College" . Cleveland Jewish News, October 10, 2008 Sondheim and Rich had additional conversations: January 18, 2009, at Avery Fisher Hall;Gans, Andrew. "Sondheim and Rich Will Discuss A Life in the Theater in January 2009" . Playbill.com, November 11, 2008 February 2 at the Landmark Theatre in Richmond, Virginia;[22] February 21 at the in ; and April 20 at the University of Akron in Ohio. The conversations were reprised at and in February 2010, at the University of Tulsa in April, and at Lafayette College in March 2011. Sondheim had another "conversation with" Sean Patrick Flahaven (associate editor of The Sondheim Review) at the in West Palm Beach on February 4, 2009, in which he discussed many of his songs and shows: "On the perennial struggles of Broadway: 'I don't see any solution for Broadway's problems except subsidized theatre, as in most civilized countries of the world.'"Maupin, Elizabeth. "Sondheim talks. And talks. And talks." Orlandosentinel.com, February 5, 2009

On February 1, 2011, Sondheim joined former Salt Lake Tribune theater critic Nancy Melich before an audience of 1,200 at . Melich described the evening:

He was visibly taken by the university choir, who sang two songs during the evening, "Children Will Listen" and "Sunday", and then returned to reprise "Sunday". During that final moment, Sondheim and I were standing, facing the choir of students from the University of Utah's opera program, our backs to the audience, and I could see tears welling in his eyes as the voices rang out. Then, all of a sudden, he raised his arms and began conducting, urging the student singers to go full out, which they did, the crescendo building, their eyes locked with his, until the final "on an ordinary Sunday" was sung. It was thrilling, and a perfect conclusion to a remarkable evening—nothing ordinary about it.

On March 13, 2008, A Salon with Stephen Sondheim (which sold out in three minutes) was hosted by the Academy for New Musical Theatre in Hollywood.

Work away from Broadway
Sondheim was an avid fan of puzzles and games. He is credited with introducing cryptic crosswords, a British invention, to American audiences through a series of cryptic crossword puzzles he created for New York magazine in 1968 and 1969. Sondheim was "legendary" in theater circles for "concocting puzzles, scavenger hunts and murder-mystery games", inspiring the central character of Anthony Shaffer's 1970 play Sleuth.Producer shared a manuscript bearing Who's Afraid of Stephen Sondheim? as the play's working title. "Theater: Of Mystery, Murder and Other Delights", The New York Times Books, March 10, 1996. Sondheim's love of puzzles and mysteries is evident in The Last of Sheila, an intricate written with longtime friend . The 1973 film, directed by , featured , , , , , , and .
(2026). 9781135702106, Routledge. .

Sondheim also wrote occasional music for film: most notably, he contributed five songs to 's 1990 film Dick Tracy, including the ballad "Sooner or Later (I Always Get My Man)", sung in the film by , which won the Academy Award for Best Original Song. He also contributed to Reds (both to the score, and with the song "Goodbye for Now"), The Seven-Per-Cent Solution ("The Madam's Song", later recorded as "I Never Do Anything Twice"), (writing the score), and ("Little Dream", and the eventually cut "It Takes All Kinds"). For the 2014 movie adaptation of Into the Woods, Sondheim wrote the new song "She'll Be Back" for the character of The Witch (played by ), which was eventually cut. Sondheim made a posthumous cameo appearance as himself in the 2022 film .

Sondheim collaborated with Company librettist to write the play Getting Away with Murder in 1996; the Broadway production closed after 31 previews and only 17 performances.

In 2003, he was invited to serve as guest curator for the Telluride Film Festival.

Mentoring
After he was mentored by Hammerstein, Sondheim returned the favor, saying that he loved "passing on what Oscar passed on to me". In an interview with Sondheim for The Legacy Project, composer-lyricist (son of and grandson of ) recalled how as a 14-year-old boy he showed Sondheim his work. Guettel was "crestfallen" since he had come in "sort of all puffed up thinking he would be rained with compliments and things", which was not the case since Sondheim had some "very direct things to say". Later, Sondheim wrote and apologized to Guettel for being "not very encouraging" when he was actually trying to be "constructive".

Sondheim also mentored a fledgling , attending Larson's workshop for his Superbia (originally an adaptation of Nineteen Eighty-Four). In Larson's musical Tick, Tick... Boom!, the phone message is played in which Sondheim apologizes for leaving early, says he wants to meet him and is impressed with his work. After Larson's death, Sondheim called him one of the few composers "attempting to blend contemporary pop music with theater music, which doesn't work very well; he was on his way to finding a real synthesis. A good deal of pop music has interesting lyrics, but they are not theater lyrics". A musical-theater composer "must have a sense of what is theatrical, of how you use music to tell a story, as opposed to writing a song. Jonathan understood that instinctively."

Around 2008, Sondheim approached Lin-Manuel Miranda to work with him translating West Side Story lyrics into Spanish for an upcoming Broadway revival. Miranda then approached Sondheim with his new project Hamilton, then called The Hamilton Mixtape, which Sondheim gave notes on. Sondheim was originally wary of the project, saying he was "worried that an evening of rap might get monotonous". But he believed Miranda's attention to, and respect for, good rhyming made it work.

Sondheim provided a for the 2021 film adaptation of Tick, Tick... Boom!, directed by Miranda, for the scene in which a fictionalized version of himself leaves a phone message. Sondheim worked on a revised text of the message and voiced it himself after , who portrays him, was unavailable to rerecord the line.

Dramatists Guild
A supporter of writers' rights in the theater industry, Sondheim was an active member of the Dramatists Guild of America. In 1973, he was elected as the Guild's 16th president, serving until 1981.

Unrealized projects
According to Sondheim, he was asked to translate Mahagonny-Songspiel: "But I'm not a / fan and that's really all there is to it. I'm an apostate: I like Weill's music when he came to America better than I do his stuff before ... I love The Threepenny Opera but, outside of The Threepenny Opera, the music of his I like is the stuff he wrote in America—when he was not writing with Brecht, when he was writing for Broadway."Cerasaro, Pat. "Stephen Sondheim Talks Past Present Future" broadwayworld.com, November 3, 2010 He turned down an offer to musicalize 's A Cool Million with .Isenberg, Barbara. "Meet Mr. Plucky : To James Lapine, directing his new play 'Luck, Pluck & Virtue' means booting Horatio Alger smack dab into the '90s" Los Angeles Times, August 1, 1993

Around 1960, Sondheim and Burt Shevelove considered making a musical of the film Sunset Boulevard, and had sketched out the opening scenes when they approached the film's director at a cocktail party on the possibility. Wilder rejected the idea, believing the story was more suited to opera than musical theater. Sondheim agreed, and resisted a later offer from Prince and Hugh Wheeler to create a musical version starring . This occurred several years before a musical version was produced by Andrew Lloyd Webber.Sondheim, Stephen (2011). Look I Made a Hat: Collected Lyrics (1981–2011) with Attendant Comments, Amplifications, Dogmas, Harangues, Digressions, Anecdotes and Miscellany. Alfred A. Knopf. p. 146

Sondheim and Leonard Bernstein wrote The Race to Urga, scheduled for Lincoln Center in 1969, but after left the project, it was not produced.Long, Robert. "Broadway, The Golden Years: Jerome Robbins And The Great Choreographer-Directors: 1940 To The Present" (2003). Continuum International Publishing Group. , pp 133–134

After writing The Last of Sheila together, Sondheim and Anthony Perkins tried to collaborate again two more times, but the projects were unrealized. In 1975, Perkins said he and Sondheim were working on another script, The Chorus Girl Murder Case: "It's a sort of stew based on all those Bob Hope wartime comedies, plus a little Lady of Burlesque and a little magic show, all cooked into a Last of Sheila-type plot". He later said other inspirations were They Got Me Covered, The Ipcress File, and Cloak and Dagger. They had sold the synopsis in October 1974. At one point, Michael Bennett was to direct, with to star. In November 1979, Sondheim said they had finished it, but the film was never made. In the 1980s, Perkins and Sondheim collaborated on another project, the seven-part Crime and Variations for Motown Productions. In October 1984 they had submitted a treatment to Motown. It was a 75-page treatment set in the New York socialite world about a crime puzzle; another writer was to write the script. It, too, was never made.

In 1991, Sondheim worked with on a musical, All Together Now. McNally said, "Steve was interested in telling the story of a relationship from the present back to the moment when the couple first met. We worked together a while, but we were both involved with so many other projects that this one fell through". The story follows Arden Scott, a 30-something female sculptor, and Daniel Nevin, a slightly younger, sexually attractive restaurateur. Its script, with concept notes by McNally and Sondheim, is archived in the Harry Ransom Center at the University of Texas at Austin. In February 2012, it was announced that Sondheim would collaborate on a musical titled All Together Now with and he had "about 20–30 minutes of the musical completed".Kepler, Adam W. and Healy, Patrick. "Rolling Along: Sondheim Discloses He's Working on a New Show" The New York Times (artsbeat.blogs), February 29, 2012Wappler, Margaret. "Stephen Sondheim has '20 or 30 minutes' written of a new musical" Los Angeles Times (blogs), February 2012Jones, Kenneth. "Stephen Sondheim Collaborating With David Ives on New Musical" Playbill.com, February 29, 2012 The show was assumed to follow the format of Merrily We Roll Along. Sondheim described the project as "two people and what goes into their relationship ... We'll write for a couple of months, then have a workshop. It seemed experimental and fresh 20 years ago. I have a feeling it may not be experimental and fresh anymore". Ives later described All Together Now as "a musical that exploded a single moment in the lives of two people meeting for the first time. We'd see the moment without music and then we'd explore it musically." Ives and Sondheim worked on the piece intermittently until Sondheim's death, but it was ultimately unrealized.

Sondheim worked with on Singing Out Loud, a musical film, in 1992, penning the song "Water Under the Bridge".Robert Gordon – 2014 The Oxford Handbook of Sondheim Studies – Page 294 019990927X "Omitted from this survey are the song "Water under the Bridge" composed for the film Singing out Loud, which was never produced." According to Sondheim, he had written six and a half songs and Goldman one or two drafts of the script when director lost interest in the project. "Dawn" and "Sand", from the film, were recorded for the albums Sondheim at the Movies and Unsung Sondheim.

In August 2003, Sondheim expressed interest in the idea of creating a musical adaptation of the 1993 comedy film Groundhog Day, but in a 2008 live chat, he said that "to make a musical of Groundhog Day would be to . It cannot be improved." The musical was later created and premiered in 2016 with music and lyrics by and book by (screenwriter of the film) with Sondheim's blessing.

said that he once approached Sondheim about creating a musical based on the film with Lane starring as the central character of Chance. Sondheim declined on the basis that the central character is essentially a cipher, whom an audience would not accept expressing himself through song.

Major works

Awards, honors and legacy
Sondheim received an , eight , and eight . He also received the Pulitzer Prize for Drama for Sunday in the Park with George (1985, shared with ) and was honored with the Kennedy Center Honors, Lifetime Achievement (1993). He received the Hutchinson Prize for Music Composition (1950) and was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Letters (1983). He was also awarded the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement presented by Awards Council member James Earl Jones (2005), the Algur H. Meadows Award from Southern Methodist University (1994), a Special Laurence Olivier Award (2011) "in recognition of his contribution to London theatre",Bennett, Ray. Olivier Awards 2011: 'Legally Blonde,' Stephen Sondheim Dominate" HollywoodReporter.com, March 13, 2011 and a Critics' Circle Theatre Award (2012), which according to drama section chair "is effectively a lifetime achievement award."Gans, Andrew. Stephen Sondheim Receives UK Critics' Circle 2011 Award for Distinguished Services to the Arts" Playbill.com, March 9, 2012 He became a member of the American Theater Hall of Fame (2014). In 2013, Sondheim was awarded The Edward MacDowell Medal by The MacDowell Colony for outstanding contributions to American culture In November 2015, Sondheim was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President in a ceremony at the .Phil Helsel – "Obama honoring Spielberg, Streisand and more with medal of freedom" , NBC News, November 24, 2015. Retrieved November 25, 2015.

Sondheim founded Young Playwrights Inc. in 1981 to introduce young people to writing for the theater, and was the organization's executive vice-president. The Stephen Sondheim Center for the Performing Arts, at the Fairfield Arts and Convention Center in Fairfield, Iowa, opened in December 2007 with performances by , , and , all of whom had participated in Sondheim musicals.Jones, Kenneth. "Near Cornfields Worthy of Hammerstein, a Theatre Named for Sondheim Rises in Midwest" . Playbill.com, May 31, 2007Hetrick, Adam. "Original Cast Members Fete Sondheim at New Midwest Arts Center Dec. 7–9" . Playbill.com, December 4, 2007

The Stephen Sondheim Society was established in 1993 to provide information about his work, with its Sondheim – the Magazine provided to its membership. The society maintains a database, organizes productions, meetings, outings, and other events, and assists with publicity. Its annual Student Performer of the Year Competition awards a £1,000 prize to one of twelve musical-theatre students from UK drama schools and universities. At Sondheim's request, an additional prize is offered for a new song by a young composer. Judged by George Stiles and , each contestant performs a Sondheim song and a new song.

Most episode titles of the television series Desperate Housewives refer to Sondheim's song titles or lyrics,Hetrick, Adam. "Tomlin to Join Fifth Season of 'Desperate Housewives'" . Playbill.com, September 12, 2008Widdicombe, Ben. Gossip, Daily News (New York), March 23, 2005, p. 22; "Desperate Housewives" writer Marc Cherry, who congratulated Sondheim in a filmed statement, admitted the composer was such an inspiration that each episode of his blockbuster show is named after a Sondheim song."Chang, Justin. Variety, "Sondheim, Streisand infuse Wisteria Lane", December 20–26, 2004, p. 8; "Broadway-literate fans may have noticed the skein's first three post-pilot episodes ... are all named after classic Stephen Sondheim showtunes ..." and the series finale is titled "Finishing the Hat".Sperling, Daniel. "'Desperate Housewives' final episode title revealed" digitalspy.com, April 19, 2012 In 1990, Sondheim, as the Cameron Mackintosh chair in musical theater at , conducted workshops with promising musical writers including George Stiles, , Andrew Peggie, Paul James, Kit Hesketh-Harvey, and . The writers founded the Mercury Workshop in 1992, which merged with the New Musicals Alliance to become MMD (a UK-based organization to develop new musical theater, of which Sondheim was a patron).

Signature Theatre in Arlington County, Virginia established its Sondheim Award, which includes a $5,000 donation to a nonprofit organization of the recipient's choice, "as a tribute to America's most influential contemporary musical theatre composer". The first award, to Sondheim, was presented at an April 27, 2009, benefit with performances by Bernadette Peters, , Will Gartshore, and Eleasha Gamble.Jones, Kenneth. "Signature Creates Sondheim Award, to Be Presented at April 2009 Gala" . Playbill.com, October 6, 2008Horwitz, Jane. "Backstage" column Washington Post, October 8, 2008Jones, Kenneth. Peters and Cerveris Celebrate Sondheim at DC Sondheim Award Gala April 27". Playbill, April 27, 2009 The 2010 recipient was , with Peters and Catherine Zeta-Jones hosting the April benefit.Jones, Kenneth. "Garber, Mazzie, Danieley and More Celebrate Lansbury in DC Gala April 12" Playbill.com, April 12, 2010 The 2011 honoree was Bernadette Peters.Jones, Kenneth. "Bernadette Peters Gets Sondheim Award April 11; Stephen Buntrock, Rebecca Luker, Euan Morton Sing" . Playbill.com, April 11, 2011 Other recipients were in 2012,Jones, Kenneth. "Laura Benanti, Howard McGillin and More Sing the Praises of Patti LuPone in DC Sondheim Award Gala April 16" Playbill.com, April 16, 2012 Hal Prince in 2013, in 2014,Purcell, Carey. "Signature's Sondheim Award Gala, Featuring Ron Raines, Heidi Blickenstaff and Pamela Myers, Honors Jonathan Tunick April 7" playbill.com, April 7, 2014 and James Lapine in 2015. "James Lapine to Receive Signature Theatre's 2015 Stephen Sondheim Award" broadwayworld.com, November 19, 2014 The 2016 awardee was John WeidmanRitzel, Rebecca. "A two-time Tony Award winner headlines Signature Theatre's annual gala" The Washington Post, April 8, 2016 and the 2017 awardee was Cameron Mackintosh.McBride, Walter. "Photo Coverage: Signature Theatre Honors Cameron Mackintosh with Stephen Sondheim Award" broadwayworld.com, March 21, 2017

Henry Miller's Theatre, on West 43rd Street in New York City, was renamed the Stephen Sondheim Theatre on September 15, 2010, for the composer's 80th birthday. In attendance were Nathan Lane, Patti LuPone, and John Weidman. Sondheim said in response to the honor, "I'm deeply embarrassed. Thrilled, but deeply embarrassed. I've always hated my last name. It just doesn't sing. I mean, it's not . And it's not Rodgers and it's not . And it's not . It just doesn't sing. It sings better than Schoenfeld and Jacobs. But it just doesn't sing". Lane said, "We love our corporate sponsors and we love their money, but there's something sacred about naming a theatre, and there's something about this that is right and just".

In 2010, The Daily Telegraph wrote that Sondheim was "almost certainly" the only living composer with a quarterly journal published in his name; The Sondheim Review, founded in 1994, chronicled and promoted his work. It ceased publication in 2016.

In 's 2017 film Lady Bird, characters perform songs from Merrily We Roll Along, Into the Woods, and Anyone Can Whistle. In 2019, it was observed in the media that three major films of that year prominently featured Sondheim songs: Joker (Wall Street businessmen sing "Send In the Clowns" on the subway), ( sings ""; Scarlett Johansson, , and sing "You Can Drive a Person Crazy"), and ( sings "Losing My Mind"). Sondheim's work has also been referenced in television, such as The Morning Show ( and sing "Not While I'm Around").

Sondheim at 80
Several benefits and concerts were performed to celebrate Sondheim's 80th birthday in 2010. Among them were the New York Philharmonic's March 15 and 16 Sondheim: The Birthday Concert at 's Avery Fisher Hall, hosted by David Hyde Pierce. The concert included Sondheim's music, performed by some of the original performers. directed, and conducted; performers included , , , , Jenn Colella, , Alexander Gemignani, , , , , , , , , , , , Bernadette Peters, , , , , and the 2009 Broadway revival cast of West Side Story. A ballet was performed by Blaine Hoven and María Noel Riccetto to Sondheim's score for Reds, and paid tribute to his longtime collaborator.Gans, Andrew. "Benanti, Gleason, Pierce, Stritch, Walton, Zien Join Philharmonic Sondheim Celebration" . Playbill.com, January 8, 2010Ross, Blake. "About Last Night: The Stars on Sondheim" . Playbill, March 16, 2010 The concert was broadcast on PBS's Great Performances show in November,Hetrick, Adam. "Starry Sondheim: The Birthday Concert Airs on "Great Performances" Nov. 24" . Playbill, November 24, 2010 and its DVD was released on November 16.

Sondheim 80, a Roundabout Theatre Company benefit, was held on March 22. The evening included a performance of Sondheim on Sondheim, dinner and a show at the New York Sheraton. "A very personal star-studded musical tribute" featured new songs by contemporary musical-theater writers. The composers (who sang their own songs) included Tom Kitt and , Michael John LaChiusa, , and Kristen Anderson-Lopez, Lin-Manuel Miranda (accompanied by ), , and and David Lindsay-Abaire. Bernadette Peters performed a song that had been cut from a Sondheim show.Jones, Kenneth. "Everybody Rise! Roundabout's Sondheim 80 Celebrates a Master's Milestone" . Playbill.com, March 22, 2010Ross, Blake. "About Last Night: Inside Sondheim's Birthday" . Playbill.com. Retrieved March 23, 2010.

An April 26 New York City Center birthday celebration and concert to benefit Young Playwrights, among others, featured (in order of appearance) , Alexander Gemignani, , , , , , , , , Alexander Hanson, Catherine Zeta-Jones, Raúl Esparza, , , , the original cast of Into the Woods, Kim Crosby, , , and Ben Wright, , and . The concert, directed by John Doyle, was co-hosted by ; greetings from , , , , and were read. After Catherine Zeta-Jones performed "Send in the Clowns", sang part of "Not a Day Goes By" in a recorded greeting. , , Bernadette Peters, , and were originally scheduled to perform, but did not appear.Hetrick, Adam. "Lansbury, Zeta-Jones, Lane, Cariou, Gleason, Zien Sing Sondheim at City Center April 26". Playbill, April 26, 2010Gardner, Elysa. "Broadway stars salute Stephen Sondheim" USA Today, April 27, 2010

A July 31 concert celebrated Sondheim's 80th birthday at the Royal Albert Hall. The concert featured songs from many of his musicals, including "Send in the Clowns" sung by (reprising her role as Desirée in the 1995 production of A Little Night Music), and performances by and .

On November 19 the New York Pops, led by , performed at for the composer's 80th birthday. , , , Paul Betz, Renee Rakelle, (singing "I'm Still Here"), and Alexander Gemignani appeared, and songs included "I Remember", "Another Hundred People", "Children Will Listen", and "Getting Married Today". Sondheim took the stage during an encore of his song, "Old Friends".Rafter Keddy, Genevieve. "Photo Coverage: The New York Pops Celebrate Stephen Sondheim's 80th Birthday" broadwayworld.com, November 21, 2010Jones, Kenneth. "Sondheim at Carnegie Hall" playbill.com, November 21, 2010

Sondheim at 90
To honor Sondheim's 90th birthday, The New York Times published a special nine-page Theater supplement on March 15, 2020, featuring comments by "Critics, Performers and Fans on the Bard of Broadway." Due to theater closures during the COVID-19 pandemic, the Broadway revival of Company set to open on March 22, 2020, Sondheim's 90th birthday, was delayed. Instead the virtual concert was livestreamed on the Broadway.com YouTube channel on April 26, with performers including Lin-Manuel Miranda, , , , , , Bernadette Peters, , Neil Patrick Harris, , Christine Baranski, , , , Brandon Uranowitz, , Kelli O'Hara, , Brian Stokes Mitchell, , , , and Raúl Esparza. JAY Records released the first complete recording of Anyone Can Whistle in December 2020, with the composer's milestone birthday used to promote the restoration of the 1997 audio recorded at Abbey Road Studios with cast members , , and joined by a 42-piece orchestra. After New York City theaters reopened in 2021, Sondheim attended revivals of two of his musicals: the opening night of Assassins at the Classic Stage Company on November 14, and the first post-shutdown preview of Company at the on November 15.

Stephen Sondheim's Old Friends
In 2022, Cameron Mackintosh presented Stephen Sondheim's Old Friends, a two-hour concert tribute to the late Sondheim. The concert happened in the West End in May and aired on in December. Performers at the event included Helena Bonham Carter, , , , , , Bernadette Peters, and . Highlights included Dench singing "Send in the Clowns", Peters singing "Children Will Listen", and Staunton's "Everything's Coming Up Roses".

Mackintosh revived the tribute for a limited run at the beginning previews on September 16, 2023, with a planned closing on January 6, 2024. The production stars Bernadette Peters, marking her West End debut, and , returning to the West End for the first time since 1996.

Style and themes
According to Sondheim, when he asked if he could study , Babbitt replied: "You haven't exhausted resources for yourself yet, so I'm not going to teach you atonal".Horowitz, Mark Eden, Sondheim on Music, New York: Scarecrow Press, 2003, p. 117, , Music critic Anthony Tommasini wrote that Sondheim's work, "while hewing to a tonal musical language, activated harmonies and folded elements of and impressionist styles in his own distinctive, exhilarating voice."

Sondheim is known for complex in his vocals, such as the five minor characters who make up a in 1973's A Little Night Music. He used angular harmonies and intricate melodies. His musical influences were varied; although he said that he "loves ", his favorite musical period was from to .interview on Sunday Arts, ABC (Australia) TV August 5, 2007 An Audience With Stephen Sondheim 2007 ABC Australia TV interview downloadable ("Episode 26")

Raymond-Jean Frontain writes that thematically, Sondheim's musicals occupy a paradoxical place in gay culture, describing him as a gay creative artist who never created an explicitly gay character, but nevertheless attained gay cult status. Frontain continues:

He incarnates the paradox of a highly intellectualized gay perspective that prizes ambivalence, undercuts traditional American progressivism, and rejects the musical's historically idealistic view of sex, romance, and the family; but that at the same time eschews camp, deconstructs the diva, and is apparently oblivious to AIDS, the post-Stonewall struggle for civil equality, and other socio-political issues that concern most gay men of his generation.

Luca Prono described Sondheim's work as rejecting the traditional image of the Western world typically presented in Broadway productions, and instead depicting it as "predatory and alienating". His works have acquired a cult following with audiences, and his songs have been adopted as life scores for successive generations of gays, and have often had a primary role in AIDS fundraising events.

(2026). 9780313335990, ABC-CLIO. .
"Somewhere" from West Side Story was informally adopted as a before the start of the movement, but Sondheim rejected that reading, saying, "If you think that's a gay song, then all songs about getting away from the realities of life are gay songs."
(2026). 9780802143174, Grove Press. .

In an interview with for the program on , Sondheim stated,

I'm interested in the theater because I'm interested in communication with audiences," ... "Otherwise I would be in concert music. I'd be in another kind of profession. I love the theater as much as music, and the whole idea of getting across to an audience and making them laugh, making them cry – just making them feel – is paramount to me."

Matt Zoller Seitz characterized Sondheim's work for its bravery to express the truth, in all its complexity: "compassionately but without sugarcoating anything", devoid of the "easy reassurances and neat resolutions" typically demanded in the marketplace.

Personal life and death
Sondheim was often described as introverted and solitary. In an interview with , he said: "The outsider feeling—somebody who people want to both kiss and kill—occurred quite early in my life". Sondheim jokingly told the New York Times in 1966: "I've never found anybody I could work with as quickly as myself, or with less argument", although he described himself as "naturally a collaborative animal".

Sondheim came out as gay at age 40. "Sondheim has spoken in the past of feeling like an outsider – 'somebody who people want to both kiss and kill' – from quite early on in his life. He spent some 25 years – from his thirties through his fifties – in analysis, did not come out as gay until he was about 40, and did not live with a partner, a dramatist named Peter Jones, until he was 61. They separated in 1999.  ..." He rarely discussed his personal life, though he said in 2013 that he had not been in love before he turned 60, when he entered into a roughly eight-year relationship with dramatist Peter Jones.

(2026). 9780472098583, University of Michigan Press. .
Sondheim married Jeffrey Scott Romley, a digital technologist, in 2017; they lived in Manhattan and Roxbury, Connecticut.

In 2010–2011, Sondheim published, in two volumes, his autobiography, Finishing the Hat: Collected Lyrics (1954–1981) with Attendant Comments, Principles, Heresies, Grudges, Whines and Anecdotes

(2026). 9780679439073, Knopf. .
and Look, I Made a Hat: Collected Lyrics (1981–2011) with Attendant Comments, Amplifications, Dogmas, Harangues, Digressions, Anecdotes and Miscellany.
(2026). 9780307593412, Alfred A. Knopf. .
The memoir included Sondheim's lyrical declaration of principle, stating that four principles underpinned "everything I've ever written". These were: "Content Dictates Form, Less is More, God is in the Details – all in the service of Clarity."

In Six by Sondheim, James Lapine's 2013 documentary film about the creative process, Sondheim revealed that he liked to write his music lying down and would occasionally have a cocktail to help him write.

Sondheim died of cardiovascular disease at his home in Roxbury, Connecticut, on November 26, 2021, at age 91. Collaborator and friend said Sondheim "died in the arms of his husband, Jeff". On November 29, theatres across the West End of London dimmed their lights for two minutes to mark Sondheim's passing. Broadway theaters similarly dimmed their marquee lights for one minute on December 8.

It is estimated that Sondheim's estate, including the rights to his work, was valued at around $75 million, the entirety of which was placed in trust. In his will, he named F. Richard Pappas and a second unnamed individual as the executors. Beneficiaries included his husband, Jeff; his frequent collaborator James Lapine; former lover Peter Jones; former assistant Steven Clar; designer Peter Wooster; gardener Rob Girard; the Smithsonian Institution; the Library of Congress; and the New York Public Library for the Performing Arts.

The Library of Congress received Sondheim's papers in early 2025 and made many available for public viewing in July. Head music specialist Mark Eden Horowitz first began pursuing the papers in 1993, when the music division invited Sondheim to the library to "knock his socks off". They showed him papers from his mentor, Oscar Hammerstein II, along with materials from Sondheim's other heroes. 's manuscript for Porgy and Bess brought Sondheim to tears and convinced him to leave his own papers at the library. The collection includes over 5,000 items.

Published works
  • Stephen Sondheim's Crossword Puzzles: From New York Magazine (1980)
  • Finishing the Hat: Collected Lyrics (1954–1981) with Attendant Comments, Principles, Heresies, Grudges, Whines and Anecdotes (2010)
  • Look, I Made a Hat: Collected Lyrics (1981–2011) with Attendant Comments, Amplifications, Dogmas, Harangues, Digressions, Anecdotes and Miscellany (2011)

See also
  • List of Tony Award records
Notes
Sources
  • (1993). 9780810938441, Harry N. Abrams.
  • (1998). 9780679448174, Alfred A. Knopf.
  • (1986). 006015649X, Harper & Row. 006015649X

Further reading

External links

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